<p class="ql-block">今天雖然是多云，卻仍是30-36攝氏度的高溫天氣，體感溫度為41攝氏度！連日高溫，并沒有影響我與太太去博物館看展的興致！</p><p class="ql-block">上午11:30，在上博東館參觀“華彩六盤-寧夏固原文物精品展”。</p> <p class="ql-block">華彩六盤-寧夏固原文物精品展</p> <p class="ql-block">致辭 Foreword</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原地處中原文化、草原文化、西域文化的交匯地帶，又是絲綢之路重鎮(zhèn)，周秦漢唐以來，以中原文化為底色的多元文化在這片土地上競放異彩。</p><p class="ql-block">本次展覽匯集了300余件來自寧夏固原地區(qū)西周至隋唐時期的文物精品，不僅展示出古代固原地區(qū)多元文化交融的壯闊圖景，更是以豐富的文物類型實證了中華文明具有的強大吸引力和突出的包容性特征。</p><p class="ql-block">數(shù)千年間，中華文明以絲綢之路為廊，納四方文明于懷中。西周到隋唐時期的固原是歷史長河中的一段切片，以其文化交融之美為我們打開了一扇洞察中華文明發(fā)展進程的窗戶。今日，這些精品文物跨越千里，從六盤山麓集聚到黃浦江畔，以上海博物館為窗，既向世界展現(xiàn)出一幅中華文明多元一體的智慧長卷，亦向世界呈現(xiàn)出文明對話的中國方案。</p><p class="ql-block">上海博物館館長</p><p class="ql-block">褚曉波</p><p class="ql-block">Located at the crossroads of Central Plains culture,</p><p class="ql-block">steppe culture, and Western Regions culture, Guyuan</p><p class="ql-block">in Ningxia has historically been a significant town in the Silk Roads network. Through the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties, a diverse cultural mosaic rooted in Central Plains culture flourished in this place, each culture shining brightly in its own right.</p><p class="ql-block">This exhibition features over 300 exquisite artifacts from the Western Zhou to the Sui and Tang periods in Guyuan. These artifacts not only depict the grand panorama of cultural integration in ancient Guyuan but also provide substantial evidence of the strong appeal and remarkable inclusiveness of Chinese civilization.</p><p class="ql-block">Over the past thousands of years, Chinese civilization, using the Silk Roads as a corridor, has embraced civilizations from all over the world. Guyuan, from the Western Zhou to the Sui and Tang dynasties, served as a cross-section by which to observe the developmental trajectory of Chinese civilization through the beauty of cultural integration. Today, these fine artifacts, having traveled thousands of miles from the foot of the Liupan Mountains to the cosmopolis on the Huangpu River, are put on display here at the Shanghai Museum: to the world, they will not only showcase a long scroll of wisdom portraying Chinese civilization as a unity based on diversity but also present China's approach to inter-civilization dialogue.</p><p class="ql-block">Chu Xiaobo</p><p class="ql-block">Director of the Shanghai Museum</p> <p class="ql-block">致辭 Foreword</p><p class="ql-block">在華夏文明的大版圖中，固原是寧夏的歷史名城，文化底蘊深厚，見證著歲月滄桑、山水移變。</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館鎮(zhèn)館之寶鎏金銀壺、凸釘玻璃碗，及館藏珍品青銅器、金銀器、玻璃器、壁畫等百余件文物，皆是千年固原、絲路華章的生動注腳，今天，它們從黃士高原走進黃浦江畔。愿這些承載著多元文化基因的瑰寶，再綻異彩、再述文明。</p><p class="ql-block">上海博物館作為博物館界領(lǐng)航者，擁有著卓越的展覽策劃能力與廣博的文化基礎(chǔ)。此次合作，拓展了東南與西北的文化橋梁，也是滬寧文旅協(xié)作的新篇章。相信通過此次展覽，必將深化對中華民族多元一體的共識，推動構(gòu)建中華民族之共有精神家園。</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏回族自治區(qū)固原博物館書記、館長</p><p class="ql-block">張強</p><p class="ql-block">Within the grand tapestry of Chinese civilization, Guyuan, a historic city in Ningxia with a rich cultural heritage, bears witness to the passage of time and the changes of landscapes.</p><p class="ql-block">The treasured artifacts from the Guyuan Museum of Ningxia-including its crown jewels: the gilded silver</p><p class="ql-block">ewer and the studded glass bowl, as well as over a hundred exquisite items of bronzeware, goldware, silverware, glassware, and murals serve as vivid testimony to the millennium-long legacy of the city and to the commercial and cultural splendor of the Silk Roads. Now, they have journeyed from the Loess Plateau to a cosmopolis on the Huangpu River. May these treasures with diverse cultural genes radiate fresh brilliance and continue to narrate the tales of Chinese civilization.</p><p class="ql-block">As a leading institution of exhibition and collection in the world, the Shanghai Museum is renowned for its exceptional curatorial expertise and profound cultural heritage. This collaboration not only enhances cultural exchanges between Southeast and Northwest China but also marks a new chapter in cultural and tourism cooperation between Ningxia and Shanghai. We believe that this exhibition will foster a deeper understanding of China's unity in diversity and will help to build a shared spiritual home for the Chinese nation.</p><p class="ql-block">Zhang Qiang</p><p class="ql-block">Director and CPC Branch Secretary of the Guyuan Museum of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region</p> <p class="ql-block">前言 introduction</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏南部的六盤山橫亙于河套平原與關(guān)中平原之間，它既是關(guān)中地區(qū)的天然屏障，也是中國古代農(nóng)耕文明和游牧文明的交匯地。固原地處六盤山麓之間，是古代中原的戰(zhàn)略要地，也是古老的絲綢之路重鎮(zhèn)。固原出土的大量精美文物，展現(xiàn)了中原文化與草原文化在此地的深度交融，更印證了中西文化在這座絲路都市的匯聚，是中華文明多元一體的生動實證。</p><p class="ql-block">固原孫家莊、姚河塬西周遺址出士的各類青銅器、玉器，充分見證了西周時期中原禮制在此生根、發(fā)展的歷程；春秋戰(zhàn)國遺址出土的各類動物紋飾件，是極具生命力的北方草原藝術(shù)在此地浸潤傳播的體現(xiàn)。</p><p class="ql-block">南北朝時期，固原是絲綢之路上的重要都市。北周柱國大將軍李賢墓出士的墓志、壁畫及彩繪陶俑群，沿襲了中原傳統(tǒng)的墓葬規(guī)制；同墓出土的鎏金銀壺、凸釘玻璃碗等異域珍品，則體現(xiàn)出該地絲路貿(mào)易的繁榮。</p><p class="ql-block">隋唐時期，活躍在中亞的粟特人大量入華，他們積極參與中原王朝的政治、經(jīng)濟生活，主動融入中華民族大家庭。固原的粟特人史氏家族墓地遵循中原墓葬制度，漢文墓志銘刻著入華栗特人的華夏身份認(rèn)同，墓葬壁畫中的人物服飾、繪制技法也與中原墓葬壁畫一脈相承；而面覆金飾、口含金幣的葬俗，又體現(xiàn)出對故土的懷念。</p><p class="ql-block">古代的固原地區(qū)，東連中原文化，北通草原文化，西接絲綢之路，始終是多元文化互動的樞紐地帶，蘊含著中華文明的豐富內(nèi)涵。此次展出的三百余件固原精品文物，雖只是歷史長河中的吉光片羽，卻如多棱鏡般折射出中華文明海納百川的胸襟。當(dāng)我們凝視這些穿越時空的文明信物，看到的不僅是固原大地上的文化交融，更是中華民族共同體形成的生動軌跡。</p><p class="ql-block">Stretching across southern Ningxia, the Liupan Mountains lie between the Hetao Plain and the Guanzhong Plain, serving not only as a natural barrier for the Guanzhong region but also as an intersection for the agrarian and nomadic civilizations in ancient China. Nestled at the foothills of the mountains, Guyuan was a strategic stronghold of the Central Plains and a vital hub along the ancient Silk Roads.</p><p class="ql-block">The sheer quantity and delicacy of artifacts unearthed in Guyuan reveal the profound cultural fusion between the Central Plains and the northern steppes, attesting to the convergence of Chinese and Western cultures in this Silk Road metropolis and providing clear evidence for the Chinese civilization's unity in diversity</p><p class="ql-block">The bronzes and jade objects excavated from the sites of Sunjiazhuang and Yaoheyuan in Guyuan bear witness to the establishment and evolution of the Central Plains ritual system in this region during the Western Zhou dynasty. Meanwhile, the animal-patterned ornaments unearthed from sites of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods reflect the dynamic influence of art from the northern steppes.</p><p class="ql-block">During the Northern and Southern dynasties, Guyuan flourished as a key city in the network of the Silk Roads. The epitaphs, murals, and painted pottery figurines from the tomb of Li Xian, Great General as Pillar of the State of the Northern Zhou, document the burial customs of the Central Plains. Moreover, exotic treasures found in the tomb, such as the gilded silver ewer and the studded glass bowl, highlight the prosperity of commerce along the Silk Roads.</p><p class="ql-block">In the Sui and Tang, Sogdians migrated eastward from Central Asia in large numbers, actively engaging in the political and economic activities of the Central Plains and gradually becoming a part of the broader Chinese nation. The cemetery of the Shis, a family of Sogdian settlers in Guyuan, follows the burial traditions of the Central Plains, with memorial inscriptions written in Chinese affirming their strong sense of national identity. The murals in these tombs carry on the Central Plains traditions in terms of the rendering of clothing and the techniques of painting, while the funerary customs of covering the faces with gold masks and placing gold coins in the mouths of the deceased reflect a longing for the homeland.</p><p class="ql-block">With the Central Plains to the east, the steppes to the north, and the Silk Roads to the west, Guyuan acted in ancient times as a melting pot of culture and embodied the rich essence of Chinese civilization. The over 300 artifacts on display here, though mere fragments of history, reflect-like a prism-the diverse aspects of Chinese civilization and thereby manifest its inclusiveness. As we gaze at these relics as travelers from far away and long ago, we witness not only cultural interactions in Guyuan but also the Chinese nation' s gradual yet aynamic evolution into a unified community.</p> <p class="ql-block">固原歷代沿革表</p> <p class="ql-block">鑄禮大原</p><p class="ql-block">CASTING RITUAL VESSELS IN DAYUAN</p><p class="ql-block">第一部分 Part One</p><p class="ql-block">西周時期，固原是周王朝的戰(zhàn)略要地，史稱“大原”。作為周王朝勢力范圍所至的西北之地，中原禮制在此落地生根。孫家莊西周墓地出土的青銅鼎、簋等器物，證實固原深受西周早期政治文化的浸潤；入選 “2017年度全國十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)”的姚河塬西周遺址，是西周最西北封國的都邑城址，周王朝的禮樂制度在此地得到充分發(fā)展。</p><p class="ql-block">春秋至秦漢時期，固原作為西北邊防重鎮(zhèn)，中原文化在此地不斷深化發(fā)展，同時融合了以動物紋飾牌、青銅短劍、馬具為代表的北方系青銅文化，使該區(qū)域呈現(xiàn)出多元文化蓬勃發(fā)展的面貌。</p><p class="ql-block">Guyuan, historically known as Dayuan ( "Great Plain" ), was a strategic stronghold of the Western Zhou kingdom. As a frontier region in the northwest of the kingdom's sphere of influence, it absorbed the ritual system of the Central Plains. The discovery of bronze vessels such as ding ( "food vessels" ) and gui ( "food vessels" ) from the Western Zhou cemetery at Sunjiazhuang ( "Village of the Sun Family" ) attests to the deep influence of political and cultural practices of the early Western Zhou on Guyuan. Yaoheyuan ( "Highland by the Yao River" ), selected as one of the 2017 Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China, is the site of the capital city of the vassal state on the northwestern tip of the Western Zhou kingdom. Here, the Zhou dynasty's ritual and musical systems were fully developed and practiced.</p><p class="ql-block">From the Spring and Autumn period to the Qin and Han dynasties, Guyuan served as a key military outpost in the northwest, where the evolving Central Plains culture interacted with the bronze culture from the north, which is characterized by animal-patterned plaques, short swords, and horse gear. Such fusion led to cultural diversity and prosperity in the region.</p> <p class="ql-block">偏口彩陶壺</p><p class="ql-block">馬家窯文化（約公元前3300年一前2050年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Painted Pottery Pot with an Offset Mouth</p><p class="ql-block">Majiayao Culture (ca. 3300-2050 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">這件偏口彩陶壺于1980年出土于寧夏固原縣中河鄉(xiāng)高坡村。材質(zhì)為泥質(zhì)紅陶，胎質(zhì)薄而細(xì)。偏敞口外卷，圓唇，與口相對的一側(cè)飾有一把手。腹部鼓起，腹中部兩側(cè)飾有對稱的橋形耳。器身飾黑彩，口沿內(nèi)側(cè)飾有一周黑彩紋和鋸齒狀紋，頸部飾兩周鋸齒紋，正面肩、腹部飾兩個三角形網(wǎng)紋，左右兩側(cè)飾近似圓形的樹葉圖案，內(nèi)飾柳葉紋，樹葉圖案兩邊有豆莢紋，后肩、腹部飾有葫蘆網(wǎng)紋。</p> <p class="ql-block">禮樂立序 Establishing Order through Ritual and Music</p><p class="ql-block">固原地區(qū)出土以銅簋、玉琮等為代表的早期禮器，以豐富的器物類型展現(xiàn)了禮樂文明在該地區(qū)的發(fā)展進程。</p><p class="ql-block">西周時期，已建立起涵蓋政治、軍事、生活的一套完整的禮制體系，車馬制度是其重要組成部分。據(jù)《周禮》記載，周代設(shè)有專門掌管王室車輛的職官“巾車”，管理重大事項的車馬使用禮儀，對車輛上的旗幟、裝飾以及喪葬用車配置都有明確規(guī)定。裝配在車、馬身上的各種精美車馬器，彰顯了使用者的身份地位。</p><p class="ql-block">此外，固原地區(qū)出土大量中原形制的兵器，亦是中原文化在此地不斷發(fā)展的體現(xiàn)。</p> <p class="ql-block">彩陶</p><p class="ql-block">新石器時代，先民在土與火之間創(chuàng)造了早期社會標(biāo)志性的文化成就—彩陶。固原地區(qū)彩陶文化類型豐富，是與周邊地區(qū)頻繁交流、相互融合的結(jié)果。固原彩陶主要有仰韶文化、馬家窯文化與齊家文化類型，寧夏南部山區(qū)亦發(fā)展出帶有地域特色的菜園文化類型。彩陶兼具實用性與藝術(shù)性，其流暢的線條與器型的完美結(jié)合，展現(xiàn)了先民對美的追求，也凝聚著他們的智慧與信仰。</p><p class="ql-block">固原出土偏口彩陶壺繪有三角形網(wǎng)紋、樹葉紋、豆莢紋、葫蘆網(wǎng)紋，線條明朗，分布和諧。形體似烏，以口部表現(xiàn)烏頭部，以圓潤的腹部作為鳥腹，雙耳似兩翼，扳耳作為尾部，勾勒出一展翅欲飛的烏兒造型。</p><p class="ql-block">彭陽縣出土雙耳彩陶罐則飾以較為簡單的幾何紋。</p> <p class="ql-block">雙耳彩陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">齊家文化（約公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Double-handled Painted Pottery Jar</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">“稼稷”卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone Inscribed with Characters Meaning Jia ("grain") and Ji ("millet")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">該卜骨于2019年出土于寧夏彭陽縣姚河塬遺址東南部一座房址內(nèi)。由黃牛肩胛骨制成，原為卜骨，后改制成為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具骨鏟。背面有三處鉆鑿，正反面和側(cè)緣有打磨痕跡，單面刃，刃部在肩胛骨背面，較為鋒利。在該骨鏟的正面左側(cè)，殘存一行豎向刻辭。 “稼稷”在這行卜辭中字體刻寫較大，似有專意突出“稼稷”二字的意味。此“稷”字甲骨文字形首見，補充了“稷”字的古文字演變形態(tài)。稷或為姚河塬居民的種植作物。</p> <p class="ql-block">多次主持和參與殷墟發(fā)掘的學(xué)者董作賓曾將殷人處理甲骨的方式總結(jié)為存儲、埋藏、散佚、廢棄四類。其中，“廢棄”指對卜用甲骨的再利用，如用作練習(xí)刻字，或改制為其他器物?！凹陴ⅰ辈饭菓?yīng)是對占卜后甲骨再利用的一例實證。</p> <p class="ql-block">以玉作六器，以禮天地四方，</p><p class="ql-block">以蒼璧禮天，以黃琮禮地，以青圭禮東方，以赤璋禮南方，以白琥禮西方，以玄璜禮北方。</p><p class="ql-block">——《周禮?春官?大宗伯》</p> <p class="ql-block">卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">齊家文化（約公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">裝飾藝術(shù)</p><p class="ql-block">固原彭陽縣姚河塬西周遺址高等級墓葬區(qū)</p><p class="ql-block">出土諸多精美器物，彰顯了西周貴族的裝飾藝術(shù)。象牙作為稀有資源，多出土于高等級貴族墓葬，姚河塬西周遺址出土象牙制品表明了墓主的貴族身份。象牙梳正反面飾有商周青銅器中典型的獸面紋，顯示出王權(quán)正統(tǒng)性。出土動物形玉器線條簡潔，造型生動，中華傳統(tǒng)紋樣中的鳳烏紋在出士玉器中亦有體現(xiàn)。該地出土以蚌殼制成的飾件，與區(qū)域內(nèi)部豐富的水系相關(guān)，極具地域特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">玉螳螂</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Mantis</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">玉鳳鳥</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Phoenix</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">象牙杯</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ivory Cup</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">象牙梳</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ivory Comb</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">這件雕刻精美獸面紋的象牙梳，于2017年出土于寧夏彭陽縣姚河塬遺址高等級墓葬區(qū)，當(dāng)為該地區(qū)西周貴族使用。梳子由象牙雕刻而成，分為梳鈕、梳背、梳齒三部分。梳鈕裝飾雷紋，梳背雕刻獸面紋，眼部原鑲嵌綠松石，現(xiàn)已脫落。正反兩面紋飾相同。梳齒已殘缺。</p><p class="ql-block">西周象牙器多出土于高等級墓葬，姚河塬西周遺址中出土的象牙制品表明了墓主諸侯級別的貴族身份，在梳背上還裝飾有商周青銅器上典型的獸面紋，彰顯出中原王權(quán)的正統(tǒng)性。</p> <p class="ql-block">銅簋</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Gui ("food vessel")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">1981年寧夏固原縣中河鄉(xiāng)孫家莊出土。此銅簋敞口，口沿外卷，鼓腹，圈足。腹部兩側(cè)飾有半圓形耳，耳上有獸形，其下有珥（ěr）。頸部以云雷紋作底紋，并飾一周帶狀獸面紋，足部飾一周帶狀夔(kuí)龍紋。簋作為食器中最為常見的一種，是用來盛放黍、稷等食物的容器，多與鼎相配使用。</p> <p class="ql-block">西周時期“重食”，與商代盛行的重酒文化不同，周人通過飲食器具的規(guī)范化使用，構(gòu)建起嚴(yán)密的等級標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)。其中最具代表性的當(dāng)屬列鼎制度，以奇數(shù)數(shù)量的鼎與偶數(shù)數(shù)量的簋相配，規(guī)定不同諸侯貴族等級的用器數(shù)量，在祭祀、宴饗等場合嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行。西周青銅器以食器為大宗，其數(shù)量與組合方式成為使用者身份地位的物化象征，充分體現(xiàn)了周代“藏禮于器”的禮制特點。</p> <p class="ql-block">該銅簋出土于固原地區(qū)1981年發(fā)現(xiàn)的一處西周成、康時期墓葬——孫家莊西周遺址。該遺址出土鼎簋、兵器、馬具等，被認(rèn)為是周王朝勢力越過隴山以西的重要證據(jù)，填補了該地區(qū)西周考古的空白，證明西周初年周人的統(tǒng)治勢力已經(jīng)抵達今天的寧夏固原地區(qū)，對認(rèn)識和探索早期周人的活動區(qū)域和文化面貌有重要意義。</p> <p class="ql-block">車</p><p class="ql-block">先秦時代，馬車的用途涵蓋禮儀、作戰(zhàn)、出行等各個方面。西周時期，車馬制度是禮制的重要組成部分，規(guī)定了不同等級貴族用車的種類、裝飾、數(shù)量。在諸侯貴族的墓葬中往往有殉葬車馬，其數(shù)量與規(guī)模也反映出墓主的等級與地位。</p> <p class="ql-block">車馬器是配置在車身與馬體上的器物，不僅用于加固馬車、駕馭馬匹，更具有禮儀與裝飾性質(zhì)。</p><p class="ql-block">盡鈴是飾于西周貴族車衡的軛首上的銅鈴，《大雅烝民》：“四牡彭彭，八鸞鏘鏘?！币榆髦苓z址出士馬車與眾多車飾配件，直接表明了墓主的貴族身份，實證了該地屬于周王朝的勢力范圍。出土車馬器多以獸面紋裝飾，是使用者等級與身份的體現(xiàn)。</p><p class="ql-block">馬具包括御馬器和馬飾件，固原地區(qū)出士的骨制馬具尤其體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)?shù)氐挠文廖幕厣?lt;/p> <p class="ql-block">（1）虎首形銅車軎</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-head-shaped Bronze Chariot Axle Cap</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（2）獸首紋銅車轄</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Chariot Linchpin with the Animal-head Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（3）獸面紋銅車軸飾</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ornament of a Bronze Chariot Axle with the Animal-face Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou （ca. 11th century-771 BCE）</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1981年寧夏固原縣中河鄉(xiāng)孫家莊出土。青銅質(zhì)，由一橫截面近似卵形的筒形銅管與一梯形平板連接而成，筒身的一周與梯形平板的正面均飾有獸面紋，筒中部有對稱的方形穿孔。</p><p class="ql-block">銅車軸飾是西周時期車子上常見的金屬車飾，裝在車輿和車輪之間的軸上，左右各一件。用來穩(wěn)定伏兔（古代車上的部件，勾連車箱底板和車軸，用于減震，以其形如蹲伏之兔，故名）、保護車轂（gǔ），避免泥土沉積在輿、轂之間的軸上，也有美化車身的作用。筒形部分套在從車輿底部伸出的車軸上，梯形平板部分則覆蓋于內(nèi)側(cè)的車轂上，板面朝上。</p><p class="ql-block">西周時期實行嚴(yán)格的等級制度，《周禮》對于天子、諸侯、卿大夫等不同等級貴族用車的形制、裝飾都有明確規(guī)定?？脊懦鐾恋墨F面紋車軸飾，墓主多為諸侯、卿大夫。制作精美的車飾，不僅是實用配件，更是使用者身份等級的象征。</p> <p class="ql-block">（4）錯銀銅車輿飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Silver-inlaid Bronze Ornaments of a Chariot Compartment</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）銅車軛</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Chariot Yokes</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block"> （2）銅衡末飾</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Terminal Ornament of a Bronze Chariot</p><p class="ql-block">Horizontal Drawbar</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">（5）銅鑾鈴</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Bells on Royal Chariots</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（3）銅衡內(nèi)飾</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Interior Ornaments of a Bronze Chariot</p><p class="ql-block">Horizontal Drawbar</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（4）羊首形銅車轅飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-head-shaped Bronze Ornament for a Chariot Shaft</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）獸面紋銅節(jié)約</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Jieyue ("bridle junction piece") with the Animal-face Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（2）鳥紋銅當(dāng)盧</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Danglu ("bridle frontlet") with the Bird Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（3）銅馬鑣</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Horse Cheekpiece</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（4）云紋銅當(dāng)盧</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Danglu ("bridle frontlet") with the Cloud Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（5）骨節(jié)約</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bone Jieyue ("bridle junction piece")</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">禮制</p><p class="ql-block">固原地區(qū)出土的玉琮、銅簋等禮器，說明該地深受中原禮制的影響。古代中國圍繞禮制形成了一系列具有禮儀意義的物質(zhì)載體，禮制從宗教、政治到日常生活多個方面形成完整體系，奠定了華夏禮樂文明的根基。</p><p class="ql-block">新石器時期玉琮、玉璧與姚河塬西周玉器，共同體現(xiàn)了固原地區(qū)玉禮器的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展過程。新石器時期卜骨殘存的鉆孔、燒灼痕跡，姚河塬西周遺址出土改制成骨鏟的“稼稷”卜骨，皆是先民使用甲骨占卜的實證。孫家莊西周墓地出土銅簋是西周青銅禮器的典型器物，常與鼎搭配使用。西周“重食”，強調(diào)飲食在禮制中的儀式化、等級化功能，青銅食器正是重要的物質(zhì)載體。</p> <p class="ql-block">玉琮</p><p class="ql-block">仰韶文化晚期（約公元前3600年一前3000年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Cong ("tube")</p><p class="ql-block">Late Yangshao Culture (ca. 3600-3000 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">玉琮</p><p class="ql-block">齊家文化（約公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Cong ("tube")</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">四璜聯(lián)璧</p><p class="ql-block">齊家文化（約公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Bi ("disc") Assembled with Four Huang ("arcs")</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）綠松石玦</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Turquoise Jue ("slit ring")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（2）玉璧</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Bi ("disc")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（3）玉璜</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Huang ("arc")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">塞上風(fēng)來</p><p class="ql-block">Wind from the Frontier</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，固原地區(qū)以中原文化為底色，融合北方草原藝術(shù)風(fēng)格，形成了獨具特色的區(qū)域文化。這一時期，北方草原地區(qū)的人們偏愛以動物紋樣裝飾日常生活中的器物。他們以草原動物形象為題材，采用金、銀、銅等材質(zhì)創(chuàng)作出造型多樣的飾件，其圖案生動、做工精細(xì)，顯示出高超的藝術(shù)水平。固原出土的各類動物紋飾牌、帶鉤、青銅短劍等器物，是對北方草原藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的吸收，也體現(xiàn)出多元文化交融創(chuàng)新的特質(zhì)。</p><p class="ql-block">此外，得益于固原當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)達的畜牧業(yè)，各類精美的骨制品層出不窮，主要有車馬器、日用器和裝飾品等，凸顯出固原地區(qū)作為草原文化與農(nóng)耕文明交匯地帶的區(qū)域特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">兵器</p><p class="ql-block">孫家莊西周墓地出土獸首紋銅戈正、背面皆鑄有一側(cè)面獸頭，獸耳圓雕，線條簡潔生動。戟是戈、矛的組合體，作為中原車戰(zhàn)的核心長兵器，是周王朝的軍事力量在此地的反映。</p><p class="ql-block">固原地區(qū)出土春秋戰(zhàn)國時期的銅戈，受到了流行于中原地區(qū)的長胡、中胡、三穿戈的影響，與中原形制一脈相承?！皶x上容大夫”戈題銘中的“晉”，應(yīng)指“三家分晉”后的魏國，反映了周邊國家在此地征戰(zhàn)或交往的進程，是中原諸侯勢力深入西北的見證。</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）獸首紋銅戈</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe with the Animal-head Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（2）“晉上容大夫”銅戈</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe Inscribed with Characters</p><p class="ql-block">Jin Shangrong Dafu ("senior official of Shangrong, Jin")</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（左）銅戈</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（中）銅戟</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Halberd</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（右）銅錛</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Adze</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬獸金飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-animal-shaped Gold Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物噬咬紋金飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornament with the Animal-biting Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物噬咬紋金扣飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Buckle Ornament with the Animal-biting Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1981年寧夏固原縣頭營鄉(xiāng)坪樂村出土。游牧而居的傳統(tǒng)，使得草原居民偏愛以動物作為藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)題材，運用于服飾和日常用具的裝飾。動物搏斗圖案是十分常見的一類題材，常見猛虎噬鹿、羊或獸類相互噬咬的形象。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">這件動物紋金扣飾以立體圓雕的藝術(shù)造型，生動展現(xiàn)了二虎二鹿盤曲咬斗的場面，兩虎分別噬住兩鹿頸部。兩鹿雙眼圓睜，后肢搭于虎背之上作掙扎狀。其身體部分經(jīng)過了抽象化的扭曲變形處理，造型別具巧思。背面有一鈕，可能是作為服裝扣飾使用。</p> <p class="ql-block">子母豹銅扣飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Female-leopard-and-its-cub-shaped</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Buckle Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1982年寧夏固原縣楊郎鄉(xiāng)大北山出土。這件扣飾以透雕的手法表現(xiàn)了大小兩豹環(huán)抱相親的和諧場景，大豹背部弓起成弧形，后肢明顯夸張變形，尾巴卷起，前后足相疊，前額緊貼小豹的下頜。小豹的腹側(cè)有一凸鈕，可能作為衣著扣飾使用。整體造型圓潤和諧，區(qū)別于常見的動物相斗題材，以母子動物相親的畫面表現(xiàn)出草原動物的溫情時刻。</p> <p class="ql-block">鹿形金飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Deer-shaped Gold Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">這是一件生動的鹿形金飾品。鹿角作樹杈狀高聳，鹿角根部有一圈聯(lián)珠紋裝飾。長耳后伸，鹿目圓睜，伸直脖頸，作瞭望狀。鹿腿蟠曲，鹿身刻有線條紋飾以及兩個圓鈕。底部有兩個凸起圓鈕。應(yīng)為衣著飾物。</p> <p class="ql-block">草原居民對于各種動物的觀察細(xì)致入微，使其在對不同種類動物的表現(xiàn)上，能夠準(zhǔn)確地把握區(qū)別性特征，在造型上有所突出。這件鹿紋金飾一對碩大的鹿角，與軀體大小相比明顯有所夸張，是對其樹杈狀獸角特征的突出強調(diào)。</p> <p class="ql-block">羊形銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-shaped Bronze Plaques</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物紋金飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornaments with the Animal Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物紋鎏金銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gilt Bronze Plaque with the Animal Pattern Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">獅紋銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Plaque with the Lion Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬鹿銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-deer-shaped Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬獸銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-animal-shaped Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬羊鍍錫銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-goat-shaped Tinned Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物紋鎏金銅飾牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gilt Bronze Plaque with the Animal Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">動物藝術(shù)</p><p class="ql-block">北方草原地區(qū)的生活環(huán)境，使居民對動物的生活習(xí)性及外在形態(tài)特別熟悉，他們常以動物形象作為藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)題材，將其裝飾于服飾及日常使用的器物上，體現(xiàn)出他們源于自然且富有張力的藝術(shù)表達。</p><p class="ql-block">固原作為中原文化與草原文化的交匯區(qū)，春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，裝飾有動物紋的金屬飾件在該地區(qū)得到普遍使用。</p><p class="ql-block">飾件類型主要有扣飾、帶飾、桿頭飾及各種飾牌等?？埏棥э椉帮椗浦饕愿〉?、透雕的形式呈現(xiàn)，而桿頭飾則多呈圓雕形式。飾件上的動物紋樣以單體動物或動物間搏斗場景為主，這都是草原地區(qū)現(xiàn)實生活的反映。在表現(xiàn)動物形態(tài)時，單體動物多采用夸大局部特征的藝術(shù)化處理；多個動物搏斗場景，主要表現(xiàn)噬咬瞬間的張力；</p><p class="ql-block">另外，動物的身體常作動態(tài)扭轉(zhuǎn)，或蜷曲成團狀，或后肢翻轉(zhuǎn)上揚。這些動物紋飾件充分展現(xiàn)出草原藝術(shù)貼近自然又充滿創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">鳳鳥紋金飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornaments with the Phoenix Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">鳳鳥紋金飾上的鳳鳥造型特征與商周青銅器上的鳳鳥紋相近，體現(xiàn)出與中原文化的聯(lián)系。</p> <p class="ql-block">人駝紋銅帶飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Belt Ornament with</p><p class="ql-block">the Human-sitting-on-a-camel Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1987年寧夏彭陽縣草廟鄉(xiāng)張街村出土。在動物紋飾圖案中，人物形象的出現(xiàn)并不多見，固原彭陽縣草廟鄉(xiāng)張街村出土3件人駝紋銅帶飾，刻畫了難得一見的人騎駱駝題材。駱駝四肢彎曲，作平臥狀，昂首，圓眼，長頸，背騎一人，身著長服，下擺寬松，系著腰帶，腳踏高腰長靴，右手握駝鬃，左手扶駝后峰，回頭目視后方。帶飾背后有一弓形鈕，當(dāng)是作為衣著佩飾使用。</p><p class="ql-block">駱駝是早期歐亞大陸草原游牧民族的重要交通工具，人騎駱駝的圖案展現(xiàn)了草原部族的商貿(mào)往來，表現(xiàn)手法與歐亞草原的斯基泰藝術(shù)風(fēng)格相似，見證了早期草原絲綢之路的文化傳播。</p> <p class="ql-block">狼紋銀箔車飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Silver-foiled Chariot Ornaments with the Wolf Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">狼在草原文化中象征勇猛、堅韌和守護，狼紋銀箔車飾生動地表現(xiàn)出了狼的兇猛特征，裝飾于戰(zhàn)車之上，或許寄托了威懾敵人、祈求勝利的意愿。</p> <p class="ql-block">象形銅飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Elephant-shaped Bronze Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">羊首形銅桿頭飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-head-shaped Bronze Rod Finial</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">貘首形銅飾</p><p class="ql-block">西周（約公元前11世紀(jì)一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tapir-head-shaped Bronze Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">鷹首形銅桿頭飾</p><p class="ql-block">春秋戰(zhàn)國（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Eagle-head-shaped Bronze Rod Finial</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">鹿形銅飾</p><p class="ql-block">戰(zhàn)國（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">寧夏固原市彭陽縣博物館藏</p><p class="ql-block">Deer-shaped Bronze Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（未完待續(xù)）</p>